{"id":316527,"date":"2021-05-07T09:18:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-07T06:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/?p=316527"},"modified":"2025-12-04T06:32:26","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T03:32:26","slug":"health-anesthesia-and-anesthesia-how-they-work-and-should-you-be-afraid-of-them-local-anesthesia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/health-anesthesia-and-anesthesia-how-they-work-and-should-you-be-afraid-of-them-local-anesthesia\/","title":{"rendered":"Health Anesthesia and Anesthesia: How They Work and Should You Be Afraid of Them. Local anesthesia"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>What is Local Anesthesia<\/h2>\n<p>The main distinguishing feature of local anesthesia is the presence of a person in consciousness during its action. This type of anesthesia acts on receptors located below the level of the chest. In addition to complete anesthesia, local anesthesia can eliminate other tactile sensations, including temperature effects, pressure on tissues or their stretching.<\/p>\n<p>Local anesthesia is possible in the following areas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>on the surface of the mucous membranes of various organs &#8211; the trachea, larynx, bladder, bronchi and so on;<\/li>\n<li>in the thickness of the tissue &#8211; bone, muscle or soft;<\/li>\n<li>in the direction of the nerve root extending beyond the boundaries of the spinal cord membrane.<\/li>\n<li>in the nerve cells of the spinal cord conducting the impulse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The main goal of local anesthesia is to block the emergence of impulses and their transmission while preserving consciousness.<\/p>\n<h2>Types of local anesthesia<\/h2>\n<p>In medicine, there are the following types of anesthesia, which differ in some features and scope:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>terminal;<\/li>\n<li>infiltration;<\/li>\n<li>regional;<\/li>\n<li>intravascular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each variety has a list of indications and contraindications that must be taken into account when carrying out them.<\/p>\n<h3>Terminal anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>This is also known as application or surface anesthesia. The main areas of application are dentistry, gastroenterology and proctology. Terminal local anesthesia (anesthesia) differs from other types by the method of administration: anesthetics in the form of a spray, gel or ointment are applied to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.<\/p>\n<p>In proctology, local anesthetic gels and spray (Cathetzhel, Lidochlor, Lidocaine, etc.) are used during proctological examination and diagnostic procedures: rectal examination, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy. In this case, the study becomes practically painless. Also, local anesthesia in proctologists is used when carrying out some therapeutic manipulations: latex ligation of hemorrhoids, sclerotherapy of hemorrhoids, infrared coagulation of internal hemorrhoids, as well as biopsy from the rectum.<\/p>\n<p>Infiltration anesthesia<\/p>\n<p>It is used in dentistry and surgery, and is the introduction of special solutions into soft tissues. The result of the procedure, in addition to the pronounced anesthetic effect, is an increase in pressure in the tissues, and, as a result, a narrowing of the blood vessels in them.<\/p>\n<h3>Regional anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>This type involves the introduction of anesthetic near large nerve fibers and their plexuses, due to which anesthesia occurs in localized areas. It is subdivided into the following types of local anesthesia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>conduction, with the introduction of drugs near the trunk of a peripheral nerve or nerve plexus;<\/li>\n<li>spinal, with the introduction of drugs into the space between the membranes of the spinal cord and &#8220;turns off&#8221; pain receptors in a large area of \u200b\u200bthe body;<\/li>\n<li>epidural anesthesia, with the introduction of drugs into the space between the spinal cord and the walls of the spinal canal through a special catheter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Intravascular anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>It is used mainly for surgical interventions on the extremities. The introduction of drugs is possible only with the imposition of a hemostatic tourniquet. The anesthetic is injected into a blood vessel located near the nerve that is responsible for the sensitivity of the limb in the area below the injection site.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, in connection with the emergence of more effective local anesthetics, the number of proctological operations carried out with the use of local anesthetics has increased significantly. In addition, our specialists have developed a method of combined anesthesia &#8211; a combination of local anesthesia and intravenous anesthesia. This significantly reduces the toxicity of general anesthesia and reduces the severity of pain in the postoperative period, which allows the patient to recover faster after surgery.<\/p>\n<p>Most often, during proctological operations (hemorrhoidetomy, excision of anal fissures, small pararectal fistulas, rectal polyps), pararectal blockade is used, as well as spinal anesthesia.<\/p>\n<h2>Differences between general and local anesthesia<\/h2>\n<p>Local anesthesia cannot be. This is a subtype of anesthesia in which the patient is in a state of artificial, drug-induced sleep.<\/p>\n<p>The difference between general and local anesthesia is that in the first case, the patient is unconscious, and in the second, he is awake. Local injection of anesthetic provides numbness in a specific area of \u200b\u200bthe body.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>After the expiration date of the drug, the changes quickly disappear.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>Varieties of general anesthesia<\/h2>\n<p>General anesthesia was invented in the 19th century. American doctor, using ether for the operation. Since then, several types of anesthetic aids have been developed for safe pain relief.<\/p>\n<h3>By composition<\/h3>\n<p>The choice of drugs for general pain relief is left to the anesthesiologist. For example, short-acting antipsychotics can be used for minor interventions.<\/p>\n<p>If abdominal operations are required, muscle relaxation is required, therefore muscle relaxants are used. If the patient is prone to allergic reactions, antihistamines are added.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sds-iframe-wrapper fitvidsignore\" style=\"position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;max-width:100%;\"><iframe allowfullscreen style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MkKN7CPI_h0\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3>By the number of components<\/h3>\n<p>Depending on the amount of funds used, the following types of anesthesia are distinguished during operations:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mixed &#8211; combine several drugs in order to prevent their toxic effects and reduce unwanted effects on the body.<\/li>\n<li>Mononarcosis (one-component) &#8211; use 1 drug for minor operations and manipulations.<\/li>\n<li>Combined &#8211; a combination of inhalation of anesthetic vapors and the administration of medications is used.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>By input method<\/h3>\n<p>The anesthetic is administered in 2 ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>inhalation &#8211; the drugs evaporating in the anesthetic and respiratory equipment enter the respiratory organs;<\/li>\n<li>parenteral, most often intravenous.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The mechanism of action of general anesthesia on the human body<\/h2>\n<p>Anesthesiologists today use safe drugs of various groups &#8211; barbiturates, inhaled pain relievers, benzodiazepines, which allow the patient to enter into unconsciousness smoothly, and then get out of it without any problems. The mechanism of action of general anesthesia proceeds in several stages, each of which has its own characteristics.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Analgesia. Immediately after the administration of the drug, the external condition of the patient resembles stunning. He may be anxious and numb, reflexes are present, the eyeballs move, the pulse is fast, and breathing is deep. At this stage, pain gradually disappears. It is manifested by involuntary muscle contractions of the body, the patient can make attempts to rise, his blood pressure level rises. The pupils are dilated, the eyeballs wander.<\/li>\n<li>Surgical anesthesia. In turn, it consists of four phases. In the stage of superficial anesthesia, the indicators of pulse and blood pressure are stabilized, the reflexes of swallowing and movements of the eyeballs are inhibited. This is followed by the phase of light anesthesia &#8211; the skeletal muscles are not completely relaxed, the eyes stop in a central position, they do not react to light. In the phase of complete anesthesia, blood pressure decreases, skeletal muscles are completely relaxed, pupil dilation is noticeable. The ultra-deep anesthesia phase is characterized by shallow breathing, weak pulse, and low blood pressure. The pupils are dilated, the eyes do not move.<\/li>\n<li>Exit from anesthesia. At this time, the patient's reflexes are restored, although some patients have inappropriate behavior &#8211; this fact makes doctors monitor the patient after coming out of the state of anesthesia.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The course of all stages of anesthesia is monitored on monitors of devices &#8211; blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram, blood oxygen content and other vital indicators are taken.<\/p>\n<h3>Contraindications for general anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>There are no absolute prohibitions for carrying out any intervention under general anesthesia, since surgical operations are performed for health reasons. However, the doctor may suggest the patient to postpone the date of manipulation or, if possible, use a different type of pain relief for the following reasons:<\/p>\n<p>hormone-dependent pathologies;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>decompensated diseases of the endocrine system;<\/li>\n<li>heart rhythm disturbances &#8211; of any form and etiology;<\/li>\n<li>less than 6 months after the patient has suffered a myocardial infarction or stroke;<\/li>\n<li>bronchial asthma in a chronic form or in a severe stage of exacerbation;<\/li>\n<li>decompensated diseases of the cardiovascular system or internal organs;<\/li>\n<li>the state of alcoholic or drug intoxication;<\/li>\n<li>a full stomach of undigested food.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pediatric anesthesiologists insist on postponing surgery if the child has diseases of an infectious nature, especially when these are respiratory pathologies, rickets, severe malnutrition, skin rashes of a purulent nature, as well as in the period after planned vaccination.<\/p>\n<p>Another item considered as an obstacle to general anesthesia is an allergic reaction, including anaphylactic shock. This condition develops when immersed in anesthesia is extremely rare &#8211; in one out of 15,000 patients.<\/p>\n<p>How to check if you are allergic to general anesthesia? &#8211; to do this, you need to notify the doctor about those drugs to which a reaction was once manifested, recall unsuccessful cases of local anesthesia during dental treatment, and you can also go through special tests. Tests for the body's sensitivity to a particular drug, carried out before the operation, will help the doctor decide on the choice of a remedy for general anesthesia.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>With urgent indications for surgical intervention or with the progression of a cancer tumor, doctors do not consider it correct to consider the issue of contraindications to anesthesia. The main goal is to save the patient's life by any means.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>Possible complications of general anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>Despite the fact that anesthesia is to ensure the safety of a person during surgery, it can also cause some, including dangerous, reactions. They are conventionally divided into 3 groups.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Very common &#8211; nausea, headache, dizziness and tremors of the limbs, itching, muscle spasms, confusion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Uncommon &#8211; infection of the lung tissue, trauma (biting, scratching) of the tongue and lips, unexpected awakening during surgery.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Rare &#8211; damage at the level of the central nervous system, anaphylactic shock.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Complications of the first group are observed in patients after surgery up to 80% of cases, but disappear on their own within 1-3 days. The consequences of the second group are observed in 5\u201320% of patients, depending on the age of the patient, the general clinical picture and the state of health. Injuries of the third group occur in about 1% of all cases of immersion in general anesthesia. The risk of developing serious complications increases for elderly patients suffering from cardiovascular pathologies and from intolerance to certain groups of painkillers.<\/p>\n<p>What else is the danger of general anesthesia for a person and what negative effect can it have during use?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Hypoxia is a violation of the respiratory function due to spasm of the larynx, bronchi, tongue sinking, vomiting, blood, mucus entering the respiratory tract.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Violations of the cardiovascular system.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Pulmonary edema.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Adrenal insufficiency.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Violation of thermoregulation, as a result of which hypothermia occurs or, conversely, overheating of the body.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Allergic reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>An overdose of anesthesia can be life-threatening &#8211; it is inhibition of respiratory function, impaired airway patency (tissue edema), bronchospasm, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), and a drop in blood pressure. In case of severe overdose, death is possible. Fortunately, the administration of analgesics and the subsequent condition of the patient is closely monitored by the anesthesiologist, so cases of overdose are very rare. And in order to avoid complications before the operation, the patient undergoes all the necessary examinations.<\/p>\n<h3>The consequences of general anesthesia for the human body<\/h3>\n<p>Since the effect of painkillers used for general anesthesia extends to all organs and systems, there is a risk of the consequences of such an effect.<\/p>\n<p>What are the long-term consequences of the use of general anesthesia? Consider the degree and risk of its impact on individual systems of the human body.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>How does anesthesia affect the heart? Its consequences are individual for each individual patient &#8211; some are easily tolerated, while others begin to feel tingling, pain and squeezing in the chest area, and a slow heartbeat. In general, general anesthesia can cause an increase or, conversely, a decrease in blood pressure, disturbances in the pace and rhythm of heartbeats, and even myocardial infarction. Therefore, the doctor before the procedure will take more seriously patients with ischemia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and asthma of the heart &#8211; such patients need to undergo diagnostics before the procedure, according to the results of which the doctor will assess the degree of risk and select the appropriate drug for anesthesia.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>How does anesthesia affect the human brain and memory? After undergoing surgery with the use of general anesthesia, minor cognitive dysfunction is possible, which consists in a slight decrease in memory, impairment of learning abilities. But this complication is temporary and goes away quickly. Edema, swelling of the brain and its further delayed awakening are also possible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>A dangerous consequence of general anesthesia is asthenic syndrome, which is manifested by pronounced disorders of the nervous system. Its primary symptoms are sleep disorders, increased fatigue, mood swings, a series of apathy and excitement.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Does anesthesia affect vision? &#8211; some patients note problems with him &#8211; his deterioration, &#8220;sand&#8221;, double vision. However, this phenomenon is temporary and refers to the symptoms of the effect of anesthesia on the nervous system and is not directly related to the eyes. By itself, anesthesia does not affect vision.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>How general anesthesia will affect the human body depends on many circumstances. That is why the anesthesiologist closely monitors its course during the operation. It should be borne in mind that the risk of negative effects of painkillers increases for children and elderly patients, with chronic (especially infectious) pathologies, with prolonged exposure to the body, and also if tissue poisoning occurs as a result of too much anesthetic dose.<\/p>\n<h2>3 types of general anesthesia<\/h2>\n<p>General anesthesia is a condition where the patient is given medications for amnesia, pain relief, muscle paralysis, and sedation. An anesthetized patient can be considered to be in a controlled, reversible state of unconsciousness.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Anesthesia allows the patient to endure surgical procedures that could otherwise cause unbearable pain, exacerbate extreme physiological flare-ups, and lead to unpleasant memories.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>At the stage of preparation for the operation, the surgeon decides which type of anesthesia to apply. This is due to the distinctive characteristics of human organisms, which have different susceptibility to the components of general anesthesia.<\/p>\n<p>The doctor, based on the patient's condition, decides whether to use one remedy or several. Based on this, such anesthesia is divided into anesthesia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mono, when 1 substance is used during the operation;<\/li>\n<li>mixed, in which they are used from 2 different drugs;<\/li>\n<li>combined &#8211; in its composition there are several unequal means or their combination with ingredients that affect specific system-forming and functional units.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There is also a division of general anesthesia, depending on the method of introduction into the body. Anesthesia is allocated:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>inhalation, in which the anesthetic is injected through the respiratory system;<\/li>\n<li>parenteral &#8211; anesthesia is carried out by intravenous, intramuscular, rectal (by means of the anus) method without or with synchronous connection of the operated patient to the ventilator;<\/li>\n<li>combined &#8211; the drugs used are injected sequentially.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Artificial ventilation is used with tracheal intubation &#8211; a tube is inserted into the respiratory system as soon as the operated person falls into a man-made sleep.<\/p>\n<p>Oxygen (gas mix) is blown into the lungs and using a ventilator or a medical bag.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>You need to understand that the choice of anesthesia is always up to the doctor.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"sds-iframe-wrapper fitvidsignore\" style=\"position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;max-width:100%;\"><iframe allowfullscreen style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y9FQqoy9l8k\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3>General anesthesia &#8211; the indisputable advantages of anesthesia and its indisputable harm<\/h3>\n<p>General anesthesia is a common name for general anesthesia. It is used in surgical procedures. The purpose of the event is to medically connect to deep sleep, as a result, the operated person does not feel pain.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to such an invention as general anesthesia, surgeons carry out the most complex operations. With manipulation, the patient's skeletal muscles relax, some reflection is deactivated, the nervous system is inhibited, and sensitivity disappears.<\/p>\n<p>Being in such a reversible state of the patient allows the surgeon to carry out an operation, and the patient to get rid of painful symptoms.<\/p>\n<h3>Priority for performing general anesthesia (stages)<\/h3>\n<p>Preoperative measures are performed in strict order.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>To exclude the negative effects of general anesthesia on the heart and circulatory system, the patient is carefully examined.<\/li>\n<li>If no serious reactions of the body to the drugs used are detected, the anesthesiologist carries out premedication with the introduction of sedatives (they relieve the patient's symptoms of anxiety).<\/li>\n<li>The assistant anesthesiologist (anesthetist) inserts a cannula needle into the vein &#8211; it is permissible not to touch it for several days. By means of such a needle, drugs, a blood substitute or the blood itself are introduced into the vein operated by the drip method.<\/li>\n<li>On a computer monitor, the surgeon's assistant monitors the work of the heart, blood pressure indicators of the operated patient.<\/li>\n<li>The patient is injected with a certain number of painkillers before the operation to turn off consciousness and drugs that relax the muscles.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The doctor-anesthesiologist keeps the presence of anesthetic agents in the patient's body during the entire duration of the surgical intervention. He relates this to the safe effect of pain relief on the patient.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>General anesthesia is carried out at least 6 hours after the food and drink eaten by the patient.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>What are the contraindications for general anesthesia?<\/h3>\n<p>There are no 100% prohibitions for general anesthesia, its use is due to vital indications.<\/p>\n<p>In the arsenal of a competent anesthesiologist there are many analgesic substances. And there is a worthy replacement for them. The doctor also has the option to reschedule the date of surgery.<\/p>\n<p>CONTRAINDICATIONS<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>hormone-dependent abnormalities;<\/li>\n<li>endocrinological diseases in the acute stage;<\/li>\n<li>disturbed heart rate;<\/li>\n<li>not past 6 months after a heart attack (stroke) that occurred earlier in the operated person;<\/li>\n<li>the patient has chronic bronchial asthma or its exacerbated severe period;<\/li>\n<li>cardiovascular or diseases of internal organs in the degree of decompensation;<\/li>\n<li>alcoholic (narcotic) stay;<\/li>\n<li>allergic reactions, rarely, but causing anaphylactic shock;<\/li>\n<li>food not digested by the stomach.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/8c73e671ba8e2bc6bac69ce43a6edff2-1.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-bGlnaHRib3g=\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\"  title=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"SDStudio-light-box-enable SDStudio-editor-tools-md-imp\" src=\"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/8c73e671ba8e2bc6bac69ce43a6edff2-1.png\" alt=\"Health Anesthesia and Anesthesia: How They Work and Should You Be Afraid of Them. Local anesthesia\" ><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The operation is postponed if the child or adult on the day of the surgery has:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>an infectious disease, especially one that develops in the respiratory system;<\/li>\n<li>manifestations of rickets, severe malnutrition (malnutrition);<\/li>\n<li>purulent wounds on the skin surface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The child will not be operated on after the planned vaccination &#8211; it takes time to recover.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>If the patient's malignant formation progresses or the patient needs urgent surgery to save his life, doctors take into account the contraindications and carefully adjust the composition and concentration of anesthesia.<\/p>\n<h3>The importance of terminating general anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>The exit of the patient from under general anesthesia is usually elementary. Consciousness gradually returns to the patient when the doctor stops administering anesthetic drugs.<\/p>\n<p>After a short time, the operated person wakes up and breathes on his own. He stays the right time in the intensive care unit (department), where a nurse monitors his condition.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/48af0280636ab4fb031c536f03d542ad-1.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-bGlnaHRib3g=\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\"  title=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"SDStudio-light-box-enable SDStudio-editor-tools-md-imp\" src=\"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/48af0280636ab4fb031c536f03d542ad-1.png\" alt=\"Health Anesthesia and Anesthesia: How They Work and Should You Be Afraid of Them. Local anesthesia\" ><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The control is also carried out by the anesthesiologist, periodically observing the restoration of the patient's body functions.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Post-anesthetic sleep usually lasts 1-2 hours. Sometimes it takes up to 6 hours to wake up.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>Types in surgery<\/h2>\n<p>Various types of anesthesia are used for high-quality pain relief. Each of them has its own scope.<\/p>\n<h3>Terminal<\/h3>\n<p>Has other names &#8211; application or surface. It is most often used in dentistry and gastroenterology, as well as when performing some minor interventions in proctological practice. Terminal anesthesia differs in the way it is administered. The anesthetic is applied to the surface of the skin or mucous membrane.<\/p>\n<p>Terminal anesthesia is also irreplaceable during proctological examination. This unpleasant procedure is associated with painful sensations, and the introduction of anesthetic allows the examination to be carried out with the greatest comfort for the patient.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Application anesthesia is indispensable for:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>latex ligation of varicose hemorrhoids;<\/li>\n<li>sclerotherapy;<\/li>\n<li>rectal biopsy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Regional<\/h3>\n<p>This is a type of pain relief in which anesthetics are injected into the desired area of \u200b\u200bthe body. Anesthesia of the operated part can last up to 8 hours, which is very important in the prevention of postoperative pain syndrome. <strong>The procedure for injecting anesthetic is painless.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Regional anesthesia is not performed if the patient is taking anticoagulants, since the latter reduce blood clotting.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The injection is also not done when:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>inflammatory process near the affected area;<\/li>\n<li>multiple sclerosis;<\/li>\n<li>if during the year the patient suffered from meningitis, encephalitis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are the following types of regional anesthesia:<\/p>\n<h4>Spinal<\/h4>\n<p>Another name for this pain relief is spinal. The anesthetic is injected into the subarachnoid space using a lumbar puncture. Blocking of a nerve impulse occurs already at the level of the spinal nerve roots.<\/p>\n<p>Local spinal anesthesia in surgery is administered between the 3rd and 4th vertebra<\/p>\n<p><strong>Benefits of Spinal Pain Relief:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the patient does not need post-anesthetic observation;<\/li>\n<li>no need to use breathing equipment;<\/li>\n<li>does not affect consciousness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Epidural<\/h4>\n<p>With epidural anesthesia, drugs are injected into the epidural space of the spine through a catheter. Blocking pain occurs as a result of exposure to the spinal nerve roots.<\/p>\n<p>Epidural pain relief does not relax the muscles. Therefore, it is used during childbirth. It is also effective in relieving pain after surgery.<\/p>\n<h4>Conductor<\/h4>\n<p>This is the name of blocking the transmission of a nerve impulse along a nerve, plexus or node by injecting a local anesthetic substance next to the nerve fiber.<\/p>\n<p>This is a modern method of pain relief in the surgical treatment of injuries. The blockade is used to relieve pain in patients with pain syndrome associated with sciatica, trigeminal neuralgia, herniated disc and other pathologies.<\/p>\n<h2>The choice of method and methods of drug administration<\/h2>\n<p>When choosing a method, a number of factors are taken into account:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The amount of surgery. Minimally invasive surgeries allow the use of local anesthetic. For severe tissue damage, general anesthesia is preferred;<\/li>\n<li>The patient's condition. The choice of method depends on the possible complications during the operation or the reaction to general anesthesia. In this case, local anesthesia is applied;<\/li>\n<li>Surgeon's qualifications and experience. The anesthesiologist takes into account the surgical experience of the surgeon;<\/li>\n<li>The nature of the surgical intervention. For example, a woman in the process of giving birth to a child can choose spinal anesthesia, in which she will be conscious, or general anesthesia, immersed in sleep, will exclude a nervous state.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Local anesthesia differs from general anesthesia in the way it is administered and the effect on the human body. Thus, there are several ways to relieve pain:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>inhalation;<\/li>\n<li>intravenous;<\/li>\n<li>subcutaneous;<\/li>\n<li>superficial;<\/li>\n<li>intramuscular;<\/li>\n<li>rectal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Combined anesthesia is widely used in medicine. Depending on the type of surgery, one drug is used first to quickly achieve the desired effect. Then another is used to maintain the state of analgesia.<\/p>\n<h3>Local anesthetic<\/h3>\n<p>Local anesthesia blocks the pain receptors that carry impulses along the fibers. It is used in all medical fields. It is used in dentistry for the treatment, extraction and prosthetics of teeth. In surgery for minimally invasive operations. In urology for kidney surgery, prostatectomy, urography. It is used in gynecology, traumatology, proctology, gastroenterology, ophthalmology, ENT &#8211; organs operations.<\/p>\n<p>Local anesthesia can be superficial; ointments, sprays, and gels are used for the procedure. Infiltration using an injection first under the skin, then in layers deep into the tissue. It is widely used in maxillofacial surgery, dentistry. Conductor (regional), blocking the nerve trunks and plexuses. This method eliminates pain during surgery on the limbs and jaws. Spinal, epidural, caudal, that is, central blockade of the spinal roots.<\/p>\n<p>Pros:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>anesthesia of only the necessary part of the body that is being manipulated;<\/li>\n<li>finding the patient in consciousness;<\/li>\n<li>lack of pain;<\/li>\n<li>keeps the heart rate in a stable state;<\/li>\n<li>the airways are not irritated by anesthetic drugs;<\/li>\n<li>motor functions are preserved.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Minuses:<\/p>\n<p>The disadvantages include the patient's individual intolerance to the anesthetic. The drug may cause an allergic reaction. Surgery is limited in time. Not every patient agrees to local anesthesia, not wanting to see and be aware of the operation on his body.<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, infiltration anesthesia is used by surgeons, without the participation of anesthesiologists (dentistry: treatment or extraction of teeth) Such actions can lead to complications, including damage to the central nervous system, impaired blood circulation, allergic reactions up to anaphylactic shock.<\/p>\n<p>With epidural anesthesia (for example, pain relief during labor), using a high dose of the drug can cause seizures and a drop in blood pressure. The result leads to the death of the patient or damage to the brain. There is also a danger of the drug not getting into the desired area. In this case, the anesthetic composition penetrates under the arachnoid membrane of the spinal cord. Such actions can cause complete respiratory arrest, hypotension, and, as a result, cardiac arrest.<\/p>\n<p>To avoid negative consequences, a test dose is applied first. The body's reaction to the drug is studied and the required amount of anesthetic is determined. In case of side effects, urgent medical attention is needed.<\/p>\n<h3>How General Anesthesia Works<\/h3>\n<p>Once in the patient's body, the substances used for general anesthesia have a significant effect on his consciousness, the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Depending on the concentration of the drug in the patient's blood, the strength of its effect changes, which made it possible to talk about four stages of anesthesia.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The period of analgesia &#8211; when the patient is conscious, but a distinct lethargy is noticeable, the person is as if in a slumber. At this time, tactile sensitivity and reaction to a temperature stimulus are still present, and pain is no longer perceived. The patient is able to answer the questions posed, but speaks in monosyllables. The duration of this stage is within three to four minutes. During this period, you can do diagnostic studies or short-term interventions.<\/li>\n<li>The period of arousal is characterized by a lack of consciousness with the simultaneous excitation of the centers responsible for speech and movement. In this case, the patient can make sounds, scream, and make attempts to get up. During this time period, there is a pronounced hyperemia of the skin, a rapid pulse, high blood pressure. The dilated pupil reacts to light, a large amount of tear fluid is released. Coughing attacks, vomiting are possible. This time is not suitable for surgical intervention, in order to start the operation, you need to further saturate the body with analgesics. This stage lasts on average from seven to fifteen minutes.<\/li>\n<li>The surgical period is the most favorable time for the operation. The patient is calm and relaxed, his vital signs are within normal limits.<\/li>\n<li>Focusing on the depth of anesthesia, four levels of the surgical stage are distinguished: superdeep, deep, as well as light and superficial.<\/li>\n<li>The period of awakening &#8211; begins with the cessation of the supply of the analgesic substance, as a result of which the level of its concentration in the blood decreases. All stages of anesthesia are repeated in reverse order, and the patient is awakened.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>General anesthesia. What is it like and what is it<\/h3>\n<p>According to the method used to inject the anesthetic into the body, the following types of general anesthesia are distinguished:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inhalation &#8211; achieved by inhaling rapidly evaporating liquids and volatile substances, among them: ether, pentran, nitrous oxide with oxygen. Most often, this type of general anesthesia is mask, endotracheal and endobroncheal.<\/li>\n<li>Non-inhalation is the fastest-acting type of anesthesia. It is usually administered parenterally: into a vein, into a muscle, into the rectum. Its advantage is that it excludes the stage of excitement, due to which the patient soon falls asleep. But since the drugs used for these purposes are characterized by short-term action, they cannot be used independently to perform voluminous long-term and complex operations.<\/li>\n<li>Combined &#8211; consists in the sequential use of various anesthetics, or options for their administration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How is general anesthesia done, stages<\/h3>\n<p>A special doctor &#8211; anesthesiologist is responsible for the patient's condition during the operation. It is he who, on the eve of the surgical intervention, talks in detail with the patient and is determined with the method of anesthesia. The anesthesiologist not only chooses the type of anesthesia and calculates the dose of the drug, his main task is to maintain the basic vital functions during immersion in anesthesia, and control their resumption after leaving it.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Before starting the operation, the patient is connected to devices that can continuously monitor his main vital signs: pulse rate, blood pressure, heart function, respiratory rate and blood oxygen saturation level.<\/li>\n<li>A catheter is inserted into one of the peripheral veins and fixed. This will allow you to add anesthetic or other medications at any stage of the operation as needed.<\/li>\n<li>To ensure stable airway patency and to be able to control the patient's breathing, the anesthesiologist performs tracheal intubation using special instruments.<\/li>\n<li>At the first stage, an intravenous anesthetic is used, with its help, the patient is injected into anesthesia. After intubation, it is replaced with an inhalation component. This makes it possible to maintain the required depth of anesthesia throughout the operation using a special apparatus that passes the gas breathing mixture through a liquid or vaporous anesthetic and, through a system of tubes, deliver it to the patient's respiratory organs.<\/li>\n<li>After making sure that the patient's condition is stable, and the anesthesia has entered the required phase, the anesthesiologist gives permission to the surgeons to begin the operation.<\/li>\n<li>All this time, the doctor monitors the work of the patient's internal organs, if necessary, uses additional medications: muscle relaxants, antiemetic and analgesic substances. If breathing stops during anesthesia, the patient is connected to a ventilator.<\/li>\n<li>Upon completion of the operation, the patient is injected with drugs that restore the natural muscle tone and continue to give him an oxygen-gas mixture, but already without anesthetic vapors. Active oxygen acts in such a way that it binds the anesthetic substance in the patient's blood and carries it back out with breathing. When his concentration becomes minimal, consciousness gradually returns.<\/li>\n<li>It is possible to remove the endotracheal tube when the patient is breathing independently and steadily, as well as coughing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What are the possible consequences of general anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>Due to the general effect of anesthetics on the body, their use can have some complications. Some of them cannot be avoided by anyone, while others are quite rare. To more clearly represent the severity and frequency of such consequences, they were divided into three groups:<\/p>\n<p>Common complications include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sore throat<\/li>\n<li>Nausea,<\/li>\n<li>Chills (shivering in the body)<\/li>\n<li>Headaches, dizziness,<\/li>\n<li>Itchy skin<\/li>\n<li>Blurred consciousness<\/li>\n<li>Pain in the back, lumbar region, muscles.<\/li>\n<li>Uncommon complications:<\/li>\n<li>Lung infections<\/li>\n<li>Injury to teeth, lips, tongue,<\/li>\n<li>Premature awakening of the patient before the completion of the operation.<\/li>\n<li>Rarely occurring:<\/li>\n<li>Damage to large nerves and nerve trunks,<\/li>\n<li>Anaphylactic shock &#8211; the highest severity of an allergic reaction,<\/li>\n<li>Damage to the visual apparatus,<\/li>\n<li>Damage to the central nervous system, death.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How long does it take to get out of anesthesia<\/h3>\n<p>After the completion of the operation and the transfer of the patient to the ward, he is still sleepy for some time. The patient is not allowed to sleep and drink; during this period, it is only allowed to moisten his lips with a spoon or gauze. After about an hour and a half, the patient can fall asleep. Someone will need two hours of time to recover, while others will need all six or eight. After waking up, it is allowed to sit down, and a little later, when the dizziness has passed, and get up. During this period, it is allowed to drink water and herbal decoctions, a little later to consume liquid and rare food.<\/p>\n<p>As a rule, young patients without serious comorbidities recover from anesthesia faster and more painlessly. Whereas in older people with overweight, chronic intoxication and those with kidney and liver pathology, this process can take up to two days.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div class=\"sds-iframe-wrapper fitvidsignore\" style=\"position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;max-width:100%;\"><iframe allowfullscreen style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vrTyVyVDgNY\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>General anesthesia &#8211; description of the technique<\/h2>\n<p>General anesthesia is the most common form of pain relief during surgery. During the procedure, a connection to deep sleep occurs, during which the patient does not feel anything, does not see or hear, and is immobilized. Thanks to anesthesia, the most complex operations can be performed.<\/p>\n<p>It has several varieties:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>inhalation &#8211; the anesthetic is introduced into the body by inhalation of the substance;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>parenteral &#8211; the agent is administered intramuscularly or intravenously;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>combined &#8211; drugs are administered in a specific sequence.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The choice of anesthesia is made by the anesthesiologist. This is not an easy task, because you need to exclude possible contraindications, choose the most accurate dosage and reduce the risk of side effects. During and after anesthesia, the patient is monitored.<\/p>\n<h3>Contraindications for conducting<\/h3>\n<p>The use of general anesthesia is due to vital indications, therefore there are no absolute contraindications for conducting it. But there are limitations, in the presence of which another method of pain relief is selected, if this is permissible.<\/p>\n<p>Relative contraindications:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>hormone-dependent diseases;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>is in alcoholic and drug intoxication;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>exacerbation of bronchial asthma;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>violation of the heart rhythm;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>endocrine pathologies during an exacerbation;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>not assimilation of food;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>suffered a heart attack;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>decompensated CVS pathologies;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>anaphylactic reactions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The operation with anesthesia will need to be postponed if there is an acute infectious disease and purulent wounds at the scheduled time. In case of malnutrition and rickets, the procedure also cannot be carried out.<\/p>\n<h3>Possible complications<\/h3>\n<p>The patient regains consciousness when the supply of anesthetic drugs stops. After a while, awakening occurs, natural breathing is restored.<\/p>\n<p>Post-anesthetic sleep usually lasts 2 hours, in some cases up to 6 hours.<\/p>\n<p>The release from anesthesia almost never happens without any consequences. They are not always heavy, but they are. Among the harmless ones, headache, slight dizziness, lethargy, drowsiness, decrease or increase in temperature are distinguished.<\/p>\n<p>There can be serious complications due to many factors. For example, situations when an emergency operation is needed and there is no time to identify contraindications and a thorough examination of the patient will be dangerous.<\/p>\n<p>Possible complications of anesthesia:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>laryngospasm, bronchospasm;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>violation of the heart rhythm;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>change in vascular tone;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>lowering blood pressure;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>heart failure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>During the period of awakening after anesthesia, chills and vomiting may occur. Some patients recover from anesthesia for a relatively long time. With prolonged awakening, it is necessary to exclude cerebral edema, acute circulatory disorders, hypoglycemia, embolism.<\/p>\n<h3>Epidural anesthesia &#8211; description of the technique<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/post-299538-607d750c023ee.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-bGlnaHRib3g=\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\"  title=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"SDStudio-light-box-enable SDStudio-editor-tools-md-imp\" src=\"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/post-299538-607d750c023ee.png\" alt=\"Health Anesthesia and Anesthesia: How They Work and Should You Be Afraid of Them. Local anesthesia\" ><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Epidural or epidural anesthesia is a local method of pain relief. The drugs are injected into the epidural space of the spine using a special catheter. The technique differs in safety and in the fact that the patient is conscious all the time.<\/p>\n<p>The injection leads to loss of sensation in the lower body. The procedure is practiced during a cesarean section and during natural childbirth to eliminate pain. After the introduction of the drug, a woman remains fully conscious, can communicate with doctors and immediately attach a newborn to the breast.<\/p>\n<p>The effect of the drug develops within 15 minutes. The action ends after 2-3 hours.<\/p>\n<p>For this type of anesthesia, special solutions are used, local anesthetics &#8211; bulivacaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine. To enhance their action, opiates, morphine, promedon can be added. At the same time, dosages are significantly lower than with intravenous administration.<\/p>\n<h3>Contraindications for conducting<\/h3>\n<p>Peridural anesthesia has relative and absolute contraindications.<\/p>\n<p>It is strictly forbidden to carry out epidural pain relief in such cases as:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the spine;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>inflammatory process of the soft tissues of the back;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>eclampsia;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>diseases of the nervous system;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>severe shock;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>poor blood clotting;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>increased intracranial pressure;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>excess weight;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>hypersensitivity to the drugs used.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The relative limitations are spinal deformities, arterial hypotension, postoperative period, hypovolemia.<\/p>\n<h4>Common features of spinal anesthesia and general anesthesia<\/h4>\n<p>These methods of pain relief have one common goal &#8211; to ensure the painlessness of the operation. Also, these types of pain relief are related by the need to monitor the patient's condition, as well as the possible risk of certain complications.<\/p>\n<h4>The main differences<\/h4>\n<p>These methods of pain relief differ from each other. Often, their differences are a predetermining factor for the choice of the method of anesthesia. What is the difference between spinal and general anesthesia?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>General anesthesia, in contrast to spinal anesthesia, allows for long-term operations, since it has a long period of action.<\/li>\n<li>With general anesthesia, the patient's consciousness is completely turned off, he does not hear and is not aware of what is happening. During the action of spinal anesthesia, the patient is constantly conscious and can talk.<\/li>\n<li>General anesthesia requires more attention from the medical staff, since it has more serious complications.<\/li>\n<li>Spinal anesthesia has less toxic effects on the body.<\/li>\n<li>One of the risks of general anesthesia is waking up during surgery, which is very unpleasant in itself. With spinal anesthesia, this cannot happen because the patient is awake.<\/li>\n<li>The procedure for general anesthesia is much easier than for a spinal block.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>What should you choose?<\/h4>\n<p>Both procedures have their pros and cons. So which type of anesthesia is preferable?<\/p>\n<p>Spinal anesthesia is recommended for operations that <strong>do not require a long time<\/strong>. Also, this type of pain relief is preferable when performing a cesarean section, since it does not have a toxic effect on the fetus, and allows the mother to immediately establish contact with the baby.<\/p>\n<p>General anesthesia is recommended in case of major surgeries when maximum relaxation of the patient's muscles is required. Also, this type of anesthesia allows you to carry out emergency operations in extreme situations.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, the choice of the type of anesthesia depends on the doctor. The patient should carefully listen to the recommendations of a specialist, since only he can objectively assess the situation and make the right decision.<\/p>\n<p>Sources used and useful links on the topic: <a href=\"https:\/\/prokto.ru\/stati\/mestnaya-anesteziya-vidyi-metodyi-preparati.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/prokto.ru\/stati\/mestnaya-anesteziya-vidyi-metodyi-preparati.htm<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medoperacii.com\/mikrohirurgia\/obschiy-narkoz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/MedOperacii.com\/mikrohirurgia\/obschiy-narkoz.html<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/otravleniya.net\/ximicheskie-otravleniya\/obshhij-narkoz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https: \/\/ otravleniya. net \/ ximicheskie-otravleniya \/ obshhij-narkoz.html<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/plastichno.com\/plasticsurgery\/narkoz-obshhij\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/plastichno.com\/plasticsurgery\/narkoz-obshhij<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/healthperfect.ru\/mestnaya-anesteziya-v-hirurgii.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/healthperfect.ru\/mestnaya-anesteziya-v-hirurgii.html<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/yhirurga.ru\/mestnyiy-ili-obschiy-narkoz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/yhirurga.ru\/mestnyiy -ili-obschiy-narkoz.html<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/narkoz03.ru\/vidy\/obshchij-chto-ehto-takoe-i-kak-provoditsya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/narkoz03.ru\/vidy\/obshchij-chto-ehto-takoe-i-kak-provoditsya\/<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/expertology.ru\/sravnivaem-obshchiy-narkoz-i-epiduralnuyu-anesteziyu-chto-luchshe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/expertology.ru\/sravnivaem-obshchiy-narkoz-i-epiduralnuyu- anesteziyu-chto-luchshe \/<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/vchemraznica.ru\/kakoj-narkoz-luchshe-i-effektivnee-spinalnyj-ili-obshhij\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"external external_icon\">https:\/\/vchemraznica.ru\/kakoj-narkoz-luchshe-i-effektivnee-spinalnyj-ili-obshhij\/<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"PostUnique_PostSource\" style=\"padding-top: 50px\">Post source: lastici.ru<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What you need to know about anesthesia if surgery is needed. What to do before surgery? Possible problems caused by anesthesia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":374574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-316527","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/316527","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=316527"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/316527\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/374574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=316527"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=316527"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inform.com.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=316527"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}